onomastikaPopkhadze2 (2)

naTela fofxaZe. saqarTvelo. Tbilisi

mSeneblobis RvTaeba “kola” da toponimebi kola, kolxeTi lursmnuli damwerlobiT aRbeWdili masalis monacemebiT

qarTvelTa erT-erTi uZvelesi saxelmwifos saxels ‘kola’-s mose janaSvili qarTul sityvas kola//kvali( saxnisis, guTanis mier kvalis, kaspiispira qarTvelebis metyvelebiT, kolis gavlebas)  da ,saerTod, miwaTmoqmedi// margali//qarTveli anu georgieli erisa da saxelmwifos saxels) ukavSirebda da utolebda( janaSvili 1928 54). veTanxmebi, vemxrobi. RvTaeba kola ixsenieba qalduri lursmnuli damwerlobiT aRbeWdil teqstebSi agurisa da, saerTod, mSeneblobis dargis RvTaebad. Tixisagan gamoZerwa RvTaeba enqim. enqis meore saxeli iyo da aris ea; daavala nagebobebis, pirvel rigSi, taZrebis ageba. mSeneblobis RvTaebis saxeli ewoda pirveli qalaqis-eridu-s Zvel ubans, Zvel qalaqs da, masze dafuZnebul uZveles saxelmwifos. kerZod, lugalbandas, misi vaJis, saxelad, gilgameSis Tavgadasavlebis Semdgenlebi da gadamwerebi Zv.w.-iT mesame da momdevno aTaswleulebSi, xsenebul xelisufalTa saxelmwifos kola-d, ‘kola-ba’-d ixseniebdnen. enqi//ea miwisa da wylis, miwa-wylis RvTaebaa, Tqmulebis Tanaxmad. amJamindelma ucxoelma mkvlevarebma RvTaeba kolas saxeli mianiWes galaqtikaSi erT-erT kraters. Cemi mosazrebiT, mSeneblobis ZvelTaZveli RvTaebis saxeli kola, romelic  ewoda qalduri//lursmnuli damwerlobiT warmoCenil uZveles saxelmwifos( gilgameSis mamis qveyanas), SenarCunebulia qarTvelebis erT-erT saxelwodebaSi kolxi, kolxebi da geografiul sakuTar saxelebSi kola, kola-artaani, kolxeTi, kolxeTis zRva, kala (sofeli mestiis raionSi), kalxu. kalxu qveyana qardunias Zveli dedaqalaqis saxelia. arc Tu didi xnis winaT Seucvales da q. nimrodi uwodes. erayis respublikaSia. mSeneblobis RvTaeba kolasadmi miZRvnili Selocvebi Targmnilia inglisur enaze da gamoqveynebulia. erT-erTi Selocvis teqstis Tanaxmad, RvTaeba kolas Semlocveli unda ganurisxdes, raTa axladnagebi Senobidan gasvla da ardabruneba aiZulos. sami dRe-Ramis manZilze nagebobaSi mSeneblebi( muSebi) ar unda Sevidnen, weria teqstSi. jadosnuri SelocviT imedovnebdnen, rom nageboba unaklo iqneboda, ar Camoingreoda, SesakeTeblad RvTaeba kolasa da mSeneblebis mipatiJeba ar dasWirdeboda. samxareo saxeli kolixiTi aRbeWdilia qalduri lursmnuli damwerlobiT, rac u h. van soldtis statiiT Sevityve axlaxan( soldt 1992 30). geografiuli saxelwodeba kolixiTi-s( kolxeTis) lursmnuli damwerlobiT arsebobaze cnoba qarTveli mkvlevarebis naSromebSi ar Semxvedria. xsenebuli teqstiT, kolixiTis im mxareSi, romelic amJamad kola-artaanis mxared iwodeba qarTulenovan samecniero literaturaSi, imyofeboda da gadaadgildeboda samxareo sameTvalyuro jgufi didmoxelis TanxlebiT. mose janaSvilis wignSi( janaSvili 1906 18) warmoCenilia lursmnuli damwerlobis Semqmneli eris vinaoba. 1927 wlis Semdgom Sedgenil Tavis xelnawer wignebSi, romelTa umetesoba gamouqveynebelia da specialistebisaTvisac ki ucnobia, is saTaurSive akvalianebs sazogadoebas, rom lursmnuli( misi sityviT, lursmnuri) damwerlobiT aRbeWdili literatura ‘uuZvelesi qarTuli’ literaturaa. veTanxmebi. m. janaSvilma gamokveTa sakiTxi saxelmwifo asureTis gvian Seqmnaze qaldur//qarTul saxelmwifosTan SedarebiT.; rac mTavaria, manamde aTaswleulebis manZilze arsebuli qaldebis//qarTebis//qarTvelebis miwa-wyalze misi nawilis mitacebiT, ZirZveli mosaxleobis JletiTa da gadarCenilebis qonebis, kulturis miTvisebiT. es moxda Zv.w. XII s.Si da ubedureba moutana ZirZvel mosaxleobas, amdenad, qaldebis damwerlobis, literaturis, kulturis kvlevis dargis saxeldeba asurologiad//asurTmcodneobad umarTebulo, usamarTloa. ATbilisis universitetSi asiriologiis//asurologiis kaTedris am saxeliT daarsebas 1918 wlidan, sabWour xanaSi am saxeliTve am kaTedris aRdgenas 1993 wels, jobda  qalduri lursmnuli damwerlobisa da kulturis swavleba istoriisa da enaTmecnierebis ganyofilebaze. qaldebs asurelebTan, xeTebs gimeTelebTan//misrelebTan//ZvelegviptelebTan mouxdaT didi brZolebi samSoblos dasacavad. “xeTis mefe usayvedurebdao faraos//faraons( zog xelnawerSi m. janaSvili “faraons” wers, zogSi-“farao”-s; sworia “farao” mizris//misreTis ieroglifuri damwerlobiT arsebuli masalis gaTvaliswinebiT) imis gamo, rom misadmi miweril Tixis filaze//tufze faraos Tavisi saxeli xeTas mefis saxelis win daeso da Tavazianobis darRvevad miaCnda xeTas xseneba ara egviptis xsenebis win, aramed, mis Semdgom. rusi moxeleebi da mkvlevarebi sxvebze uaresad “epyrobodnen dRevandel mcire qarTvelobas, swamebdnen uniWobas, xSirad dacinviT ixseniebdnen mis `siyvarulis enas”-ac. mxolod amisTana ugulvelyofiT qarTveluri enisa unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom evropielebis TviT udides mkvlevarTa ufros erTi(erTze meti), krints ara sZravs qarTvelobis Sesaxeb, rodesac dasvams kiTxvas, vin SeiZleba yofiliyo is eri, romelic iTvleba Semoqmedad kreta-mikenis kulturisa, vin iyvnen da ra enaze laparakobdnen is xeTebi, romelnic ebrZodnen mZlavr egviptes, rogorc swori swors, vin unda yofiliyo xeTazed ara nakleb gamoCenili qaldi, romlis enis sityvebia sumer (=Su mere = Sua mere anu Sua qveyana), naRarain( sarwyavi arxebiT//RarebiT naRari//daRaruli qveyana) da akkadi (aR-kadi). SumerT 4000 wlebSi kidec moigones wera–,maTeburad, S’ar. es S’ar unda iyos igive qarTveluri War (wera). am sumerul (Sua merul) enas ekava igeTive adgili, viT, mogvianebiT, laTinur enas-evropaSi, magram im gansxvavebiT, rom sumeruli SuamdinareSi gavlenis JamierobiTa da, sazogadod,  xangrZlivobiT kidec sWarbobda laTinuris xangrZlivobas evropaSi. aseTi iyo es sumeruli sakacobrio ena, magram raxan TviT etimologia sityvisa sumer = Suamere qarTulia da raxan ioseb flabiosi ambobs: `Tobelisagan warmoiSvnen Tobelni, romelnic Cven dros iwodebian iverebad,~ unda vifiqroT, rom im `erT ena-bageSi~ SeuZlebeli iyo ar gareuliyo iverTa xmebic, romelnic aRniSnavdnen mzes, mTvares, RmerTs, Tvlas da sxvaTa, da romelic maSin iyo sumeruli da, rogorc ageTi, - sakacobrio ena-bagec, da raxan sumerebis pirdapiri memkvidreni iyvnen qaldni, CveniT – qarTni (qarTvelni), amitom sruliad ar gvikvirs, rodesac mkvlevarni sweren: `xalduri mecniereba savsebiT isesxes asurelebma. qaldni arian igive ur-qaldni (dabad. 11-28). `ur~ = qarTveli: urac=vrac (qarTveli), urastan=vrastan (saqarTvelo), virq (=urq) – qarTvelni, ivirq (igive iveria). Sead: uria=svan. viria. azna-ur=svan. azna-vir. mind-uri=mind-ori=mind-ver (svan). ur=or-vir=ver-svan: ver anu gim aris miwa. Sead. ‘ver’ sityvaSi tver, tveri, mtveri ese igi miwiani. iori=iuri-iviri=iveri. naT. iveris=iuris-ivris-xeoba. vera=vere anu ur-a=or=e. wm. ninos cx. 15: or-banTad=ur-bniTad=or-bniTad=ur-bnisad.  h u r i. `javaxos aRaSena wunda da artani, romelsa maSin erqua qajTa qalaqi, xolo aw hrqvian huri (q. cx. 20)~. kidev saxelebi sofelTa: ur, ura-veli, uravi, ur-Zuma, ur-jvari, uriaT-ubani, ur-sauri, urT-xva, urTa (mTaa [sofel] xeTas da caiss Soris). Huriastani=hurastani=vrastani (saqarTvelo), ixileT m. janaSvilis am xelnaweris gv. im. agreTve qveTavi VIII xald=qalT=qarT da gv. iT, SeniSnva. Tavi 2-is saTauria winaswari cnobebi qaldur lursmul ZeglweraTa Sesaxeb.             

m. janaSvili wers: piradad Cven ar gvakmayofilebda Cven-mier dabeWdili wignebi da ukamyofilebis umTavresi mizezi-ki is iyo, rom wyaroebis uqonlobis gamo qarTveli eris istoriis Zveli xana bundad iyo warmodgenili da zRapars ufro hgavda, vidre istorias. am xanas Sesaxeb erovnuli matiane `qarTlis cxovreba~, romliTac vsargeblobT, iZleva aseT cnobebs: qarTvelTa winaprebi movidneno CrdiloeTSi babilonidan, mere damyarda mamasaxlisoba da Semdeg mefoba mcxeTaSi. amis mets aras iuwyeba matiane qarTveli eris cxovrebis Sesaxeb im uamrav saukuneebidan, romelTac gavles pirvel qarTvel Tobelidam//Tovelidam( rac Senaxulia saxelSi ‘saqar-Toveli’ m.janaSvilis azriT) vidre azomde. xarvezi friad didia (Tobeli Zv.w. 3242 wels da azo Zvw. 324 wlidan!) da es xarvezi ver amoivseba raRac oriode cnobiT matianisa. am yofaSi Cven mivediT im daskvnamde, rom Zveli drois Sesaswavlad saWiroa Segneba, gaTvaliswineba qarTveluri enis kiloebis//saxeobebis monacemebisa. es iyo mizezi, rom Cveni kvleva-Ziebis obieqtad Seiqmna qarTveluri ena. jer isev 1895 wels misul viyaviT xedvamde, rom qarTveluri ena ariso qarTvelTa modgmis goneba, xolo goneba-misi ena da istoria, rom qarTveluri anu saerToqarTveluri ena ariso is saTave, romlidanac modiano misi kiloebi – qarTluri, megrul-Wanuri, svanuri, ingilouri (hereTisa), xevsuruli da sxvani, da, maSasadame, unda yofiliyo dro, rodesac am saerToqarTvelur enaze metyvelebda mTeli qarTveli modgma da miT gamosTqvamda Tavis Sexedulebas Tavis Tavsa, Tavis RmerTebsa Tu bunebaze sazogadod. jer kidev 1899 wels berlineli profesori lemani Camovida tfilisSi da aqedan wavida vans (amJamad TurqeTis respublikis SemadgenlobaSia is Zveli qalaqi vani n.f.) qaldur warweraTa gadasaRebad fotografiulad. Sroma Seasrula da dabrunda tfilisSi. me vaswavlidi mas qarTul enas usasyidlod da manac aRmiTqva – usasyidlod madlobiT gamogigzavnio Cems wigns qaldur warwerebze rom davbeWdavo. dabeWda 1900 wels. depeSiTac vTxove, xma ar gamca da dResac misi wigni ar maqvs. SemdgomSi muzeumSi vnaxe is naSromi Sio CitaZesTan.  misgan gadmomiTargmna sityvebi: `1899 wels, zafxulSi, Tavazian daxmarebas miwevda m. janaSvili Cems cdaSi Semegno qarTuli enis dasabami cnobebi. m. janaSvilma, romelsac Tavis eris enisa da istoriis winaSe didi damsaxureba miuZRvis, gamosTqva is azri, rom qsenofontes karduxebi qarTvelebis winaprebad unda vaRiaroT.~ Cven( m. j.) dResac imave azrisa varT, romelzedac viyaviT 1899 wels. karduxebs erqvaT agreTve kardu, romelic unda iyos igive qarTu=qalTu=qalT=qarT (svan. qarT., qarT. qarTli=qarTi=qarT-ari).” erTi qveTavia Sedgeniloba sityvisa qald=xald=qalT=qarT. gv. IX: `am striqonebis damwers SeZleba hqonda savsebiT darwmunebuliyo, rom ena qaldur lursmur Zeglwerisa~aris Zveli qarTuli. SemdegSi qalduri teqstebis wakiTxva( sul 20 Zeglwerisa) sruliad davamTavre da es saqme vauwyeT qarTvel sazogadoebas gavrcelebul gazeT “komunistis”(1924, #4) saSualebiT. warwerebis wakiTxva damTavrda da saWirod davinaxeT misTvis dagvewera zogi ram gramatikuli formebi saerToqarTvelur-qaldur-sumeruli. agreTve, cnobebi Sesaxeb qarTvel modgmisa, maT Tvisebisa da RmerTebisa da daskvna, rom qarTvelni arian igive qaldni// sumerni. qveTavSi 3.10 saTauria `zogi ram qarTvelur gramatikidan da winaparTa saxelebis Sesaxeb. gv. 15-dan iwyeba Tavi 4. gv. 18: CrdiloeTi kavkasia SeerTebuli iyo Tobelebis qveyanasTan. egeTive kavSiri unda hqoneboda Tavridas( awindel yirims), vinaiTgan aqauri mTebi ‘Tavri’ iyo gagrZeleba kavkasionisa da es ki Suamdinaris mTianeTis, saxelad, ‘Tavrisa’. Tavridis(yirimis) Tavri da Suamdinaris Tavri modis qarTuli sityvisgan Tavi, `Tauri.~ m. janaSvilma ganixila qarTuli damwerlobis gamaumjobesebeli farnavaz mefis saxelis Sinaarsi; daeTanxma ‘qarTlis cxovrebis’ miTiTebas, rom farnavazma Tavisi Zegli dadga mTaze da uwoda Tavisi saxeli ‘armaz’, rac niSnavso ‘mzes’. m. janaSvilis zemoxsenebuli xelnaweris meTvramete gverdze weria: amisTana cnobebis Semdeg, safiqrebelia erTi STamomavlobisa iyos sityvebi maziesi (mazisi) – fazisi (bJa=bza=mze) da rom sityva fazia – fazianadan gakeTebul iyos saxelwodeba kontinentisa ‘azia’,  mniSvnelobiT “aRmosavleTi”-T, viT dResac svanurSia le-Ja=megrulad bJaiole-sazeo, mziuri, samzeo (le-Ja), ese igi, mzis aRmosavleT mxaresTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli cneba. Sumeris, akkadis, qaldes samefos kulturis ganxilvisadmi miZRvnilia mose janaSvilis arqivis aTasobiT gverdiani sayuradRebo masala. aucilebelia misi .sumeruli’, mitanuri’, qarTlur-megrul-svanuri, SoTa rusTaveliseuli masalis, petriwis masalis sityvaTa ganmartebebis-leqsikonebis gamoqveyneba didi raodenobiT da xelmisawvdom fasad. istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi CabeWda, rom vaxtang gorga-sar-s( anu gorgebis//georgebis sars//mefes n.f.) parsaias//sparseTis mefem uTxra: jaziris( arabulad SuamdinareTia) naxevari ZvelTaganve mama-papaTa SenTa kuTvniliao. vagrZeleb mis arqivze muSaobas.

Lliteratura

1. janaSvili mose. saqarTvelos istoria. tfilisi. Sroma. 1906H
2. Kulla(pronounced koola) in Garynde, J.F. Sumerian God of Bricks. 1989.
3. Herbert van Soldt. A note on Old Babylonian lu ittum. Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie.Bd.82. #1. 1992
4. m. janaSvilis arqivi. saqarTvelos xelnawerTa centri. saqme #149 1929w.

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