xelnaweribolo.doc

naTela fofxaZe. saqarTvelo. Tbilisi

uZvelesi qarTuli literatura erTi gamouqveynebeli qarTuli wignis xelnaweris gaTvaliswinebiT

qarTul kulturaze msjelobisas aucilebelia emegir//emegiruli eniTa da damwerlobiT moRweuli aTasobiT warweris, teqstis gaTvaliswineba. es moiTxovs saqarTvelos respublikaSi mecnierebis am ganxris qarTvel moRvaweTa saTanadod aRzrdas, swavlebas, maTTvis swavlisa da Sromis saukeTeso pirobebis Seqmnas, waxalisebas, dawinaurebas. emegir//emegiruls Zv.w. III aTaswleulidanve uwodebdnen im damwerlobasa da masze Seqmnil literaturas, romelsac 1700 wels londonelma mkvlevarma Tomas haidma nebismierad uwoda kuneiform damwerloba. rusul enaze es sityva iTargmna klinopis-ad, qarTulze-solisebur an lursmanis msgavs//lursmnur//lursmnul damwerlobad. am literaturis uZveles nimuSebs londonelma mkvlevarebma XIXsaukuneSi uwodes qaldeian (qalde qveynisa). XIX saukuneSive parizelma mkvlevarma Jiul oppertma qaldeian daiwuna da jer akkadian (aqaduri), Semdeg ki sumerian( sumeruli) uwoda. ramdenime saxelmwifos muzeumebSi da gamofenebze nivTebze warwerebi Seacvlevina qaldeian-is nacvlad sumerian-iT. im Zveli damwerlobiT aRbeWdili masalis Targmnisas inglisur, frangul da sxva amJamindel enebze, dedanSi arsebul saxelmwifoTa saxelebs: kola, kola-ba, qi enqi qi-uri//qveyana RvTaeba enqisa qveyana uri//qienqiqiuri( saidanac amohyavT saxeli enguri), kardunia//qardunia anacvleben xolme sityvebiT: sumer, akkad, mesopotamia, fertail kreSent, rac dedanSi ar aris. qarTveli adamianebidan bolo saukuneebSi am miviwyebuli emegiruli//qalduri damwerlobiT pirvelad italieli mogzauri didebulis, patricio dela vales meuRle, qarTveli Tina dainteresda, meore//axali saxeliT, maria, mariuCa. man miawoda gzaze dagdebuli warweriani qva da daavala patricios did qalaqebSi waredgina mkvlevarebisaTvis naweris Sinaarsis Sesatyobad. amiT daiwyo am damwerlobis kvleva da miviwyebuli damwerlobis gacocxleba, aRorZineba. 1800-ian wlebSi am damwerlobiT dainteresdnen saqarTvelos mefe daviTi( giorgi XIII-is ufrosi vaJi) da misi swavluli Zmebi. isini ruseTis imperatorma ojaxebianad da naTesavebianad iZulebiT gaasaxla samSoblodan da aukrZala dabruneba. daixocnen ruseTSi da iq ganisveneben. daviT mefis davalebiT misma TanaSemwem xelnaweri wigni Seadgina, romelic ar gamoqveynebula. am damwerlobis kvlevis miRwevebi ganixiles ilia WavWavaZem wignSi qvaTa RaRadi, mose janaSvilma Tavis wignSi saqarTvelos istoria ( gamoqveynda 1906 wels) da ramdenime xelnawer gamouqveynebel wignSi, mixeil TamaraSvilma romSi frangul enaze gamoqveynebul wignSi l’eglis JorJien, romelic qarTul enaze iTargmna da daibeWda 1995 wels TbilisSi, niko marma( rusulad Targmna qaldes mefis warwerebi, mixeil wereTelma gamokvlevebSi( sumeruli da qarTuli, xeTa da misi xalxi, gilgameSiani) da sxvebma. am miviwyebuli damwerlobis Seswavlas da kvlevas mose janaSvilma eqvsi aTwleuli Sealia. am ganxriT misi Rvawli mxolod xelnawerTa centris arqivis utyv furclebSia daculi. is mcired aisaxa korneli kinwuraSvilis mier Sedgenil m. janaSvilis naSromebis krebulSi, romelsac Jami fiqrisa da gansjisa ewodeba da axlaxan gamoqveynda. m. janaSvilis moRvaweobas mieZRvna ori samecniero sakvalifikacio naSromi xelnaweris uflebiT. erTis avtoria i. gofoZe, meorisa-m. genebaSvili. maT arc ki axsenes qalduri, xeTuri, sumeruli literaturis kvlevaSi misi Rwva da is, rom isini Zvel qarTul literaturad miiCnia da ganixila gamosaqveyneblad gamzadebul qarTul da rusul enovan wignebSi. q. TbilisSi, xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi m, janaSvilis fondSi daculma misma erTma gamouqveynebelma xelnawerma wignma #149, gansakuTrebiT miipyro Cemi yuradReba.1              saTauria: `qalduri lursmuri teqstebi da TviT qaldebis istoria. saTauris qvemoT weria: `qarTveluri ena qarTvel modgmis gonebaa, xolo goneba-misi enaa da istoria”. TariRad 1919 welia, magram masze momdevno wlebSic muSaobis kvali aisaxa minawerebSi. pirveli Tavis saTauria: Suamere-xaldidan (qaldidan) qarTlamde. xelnaweris pirvelive winadadebaSi axsnilia, rom qarTul enovani Zveli istoriis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebis uZvelesi samSoblo moicavs qveyana babilonsac; Zv.w. 2700-ian wlebSi, cxoreba qarTvelTa da mefeTa maTTa-s teqstis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebis nawili ganerida omiT Sewuxebul mxares, oreTidan( ase iwodeba mesopotamia qarTulad) gadasaxlda ufro CrdiloeTiT arsebul qarTul mxareSi mTa masissa da mTa ararats Soris mdebare vrcel areze. warmoCenilia simarTle am or mTas Soris didi sivrcis arsebobaze da uaryofilia sxva mkvlevarebis varaudi masis-ad araratis oridan erTi mwvervalis miCnevis sakiTxze. masisi Tavris mTianeTis Sua nawilSia, ararati misgan didad daSorebul mxareSia. Cemis mxriv davumateb, rom mas-is mTa masu//maSu saxelwodebiT ixsenieba qveyana kolas mefis lugalbandas vaJis mogzaurobis amsaxvel teqstSi. lugalbandas Semdgom kola qveyanaSi gamefda misi vaJi-gmiri gilgameSi. oriveni werilobiT dadasturebuli mTamsvlelebi//alpinistebi arian da koladan imogzaures CrdiloeTiT mdebare maRalmTianeTSi, sadac maSus mTasTan saRamos brundeboda dedamisis saxlSi utu(mze RmerTi). qaldeur//qarTuli mTamsvlelobis dasawyisi maTgan unda aviTvaloT da ara XIX saukunidan( rogorc dRes aRiarebulia cnobarebSi). lugalbanda gamefebamde ewvia maSus mTas. Iqve dasustda avadmyofobis gamo. aRar sunTqavda. Tanmxlebma Svilma vaJkacma, romelic Zmebad ixseniebian, mwuxarebiT miatoves gamoqvabulis saxlSi, Rvino, ludi, namcxvrebi, cximi da sxva saWmeli dautoves da wavidnen maRalmTaSi im imediT, rom dabrunebisas an janmrTeli SeeyrebodaT, an mkvdars waasvenebdnen TavianT Soreul dedaqalaqSi. lugalbanda utus(mzis), mTvarisa da saRamos varskvlavis sinaTlem moasuliera, simSvide mihgvara, moaZliera. maTze iloca da SesTxova Svela. maT Seismines Txovna da mSvidi Zili miuRvares. gaRviZebisas aRaraferi stkioda. gadarCa da dabrunda sxvebTan erTad. misi SemdgomSi gamefebuli vaJi gilgameSic aqeT, maSus mTisaken gamoeSura sagmiro saqmiT saxelis mosaxveWad. axalqarTul enaze gilgameSis ambavi anu gilgameSiani emegiruli//lursmnuli teqstidan germanul enovani Targmanis gaTvaliswinebiT Targmna mixeil wereTelma da 1924 wels konstantinepolis qarTvel kaTolikeTa savaneSi arsebul stambaSi dabeWda. imJamad es Zvirfasi nawarmoebi mxolod inglisur, frangul da germanul enaze iyo Targmnili da gamoqveynebuli. italiur, rusul da sxva enebze gilgameSiani mxolod qarTuli Targmanis gamoqveynebidan karga xnis Semdgom iTargmna. m. janaSvilma mas-is mTad ‘Taur’-ad saxeldebuli qedis maRali mTa aRiara. maSu niSnavs tyups//ors(tyup mTas) emegiruli damwerlobiT( nino samsonia. saxelmZRvanelo saleqcio teqstebiT studentebisaTvis). gilgameSianSi aris qveTavi ‘gilgameSi da aratas mTianeTis batoni’. Earatas mTad Tu ararats miviCnevT, gamova, rom gilgameSis dros (Zv.w. 2700-ian wlebSi mis xelqveiT myof kolaelebs urTierToba hqoniaT araratis mtis maxlobel mosaxleobasTan. SesaZloa, rom man araratis orwvera//tyupmwvervaliani mTa dalaSqra. Mesame mosazrebad sazogadoebas vTavazob tyup maSu mTad gigiS mTis aRiarebas. gigiS amJamadac oficialurad ewodeba mTas, romelsac meorenairad ialbuzi//elbrusi ewodeba da saqarTvelos ekuTvnoda stalinisa da berias gardacvalebamde. oriod wlis Semdeg saqarTvelos waarTva n. xruSCovma da ruseTs miuerTa. skolaSi maswavlidnen saxelmZRvaneloebiT, rom ialbuzi saqarTvelos umaRlesi mwvervalia. gigiSis//ialbuzis mTasac ‘maSu’ ewodeboda 1980-ian wlebSi, rodesac zamTrobiTac, zafxulobiTac mis kalTebze TxilamurebiT vsrialebdi da iqve TveobiT visvenebdi.  M. janaSvilma mTis saxeli “mas”-isi qarTvelTa erT-erT saxelwodebas(masxi//mes-xi) daukavSira. Es mosazrebac safuZvlianad mimaCnia. manve vrclad imsjela cneba “kolx”-ze da sityva “kola”-s daukavSira. esec swori mosazrebaa. m. janaSvilma ganmarta, rom qarTuli mere niSnavs mxares, miwa-wyals, amitomaa, rom axalqarTulSi a-mere-Ti niSnavs qedis aqeT mdebare mxares, i-mere-Ti niSnavs qedis iqeT arsebul mxares. sityva mere-s am Sinaarsis Sesabamisad, sityva Sumeri aris igive ~Suamere.~ `Suamere~ ornawiliani sityvaa. pirvelia `Sua~ // SuaSi mdebare, meorea `mere~. `mere~ sarwyav miwas niSnavs. qarTulSi Su ixmareba Sua-s Sesatyvisad, rac daasabuTa a. SaniZis mier mTaSi Cawerili leqsebiT. m. janaSvili ganmartavs, rom ucxoeli mkvlevarebic ki aRiareben, rom xaldebi//qaldebi arian Zveli drois qarTvelebi da imowmebs maTive teqstebs. m. janaSvilma SeamCnia, rom efrem mcires xelnawerSi aRbeWdilia sityva qalTveli. qalTveli qalde sityvidan qarTu-mde gardamaval safexurad miiCnia da Tavis sxva xelnawerebSic xazgasmiT axsena. SemdgomSi qalTvelebi iwodnen qarTvelebad. SevniSnav, rom uZvelesi lursmnuli//emegiruli teqstebis monacemebiT, pirveli saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebi moicavdnen mdinare puranunu//evfratis xeobas da ewodebodaT kola(RvTaeba anqi//aia-s mier Tixisagan gamoZerwili mSeneblobis RvTaeba kola-s saxelis mixedviT, Cemi mosazrebiT), qveyana qienqi//qi-enqi( RvTaeba enqi-s qi anu qveyana), qveyana eri-du(eri=axalqarTuli sityva eri/ niSnavs eTnoss, nacias). maT mier CrdiloeTiT mimdebare midamos SerwymiT Seiqmna gacilebiT vrceli saxelmwifo da ewoda qarTu//qardu//qarduniaS//qarTuniaS. qarTunia saxeliT is cnobilia Zv.w. XV saukunidan mis mefeTa mimoweraSi gimeTis faraoebTan. gimeT aris nilosis auzSi mdebare qvemo saxelmwifos saxeli, romelsac aTaswleulebis Semdeg ewoda egviptax( ptax maTi RvTaebis saxeli iyo). gime niSnavs qvemo-s margaluradac//megruladac. es amixsna statistikosma, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis docentma rezo saliam. madlobas movaxseneb. Zvel egviptesTan//gimeTTan qarTvelebis urTierToba, dinastiuri qorwinebebi Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi, qarTvelTa RvTaeba aTena-s//mzis aqauri mefis asulebis mier faraoebze sxvadasxva dros gaTxovebis Sedegad gavrceleba gimeTSi saguldagulod ikvlia m. janaSvilma. emegiruli//lursmnuri damwerlobiT aRbeWdili teqstebidan Targmna miTanis mefe tuS-ratis werilebi gimeTis faraosadmi Zv.w. XIII saukuneSi. m. janaSvilma icoda aqauri mefis asulebis, faraoebze gaTxovilebis saxelebi: gilu-xifa, TaTu-xifa. davumateb, rom TaTu dabadebisas Serqmeuli saxelia miTanis mefe TuS-ratis asulisa, romelic 13 wlisa gaaTxoves faraoze da 356-qaliani amaliT gaistumres nilosis auzSi mdebare saxelmwifoSi, romelsac lursmnuri da ieroglifuri damwerlobiT imJamad ewodeboda mizra//misra//nizra. imJamindeli viTarebis ganxilvisas sasurvelia is qveyana imJamindeli saxeliT(mizra) movixsenioT. TaTus//nefertitis erTi asuli moaTxoves qarduniaS qveynis//saqarTvelos mefes da dedaqalaq kalxu-Si cxovrobda. amJamad mas qalaqi nimrodi ewodeba da saqarTvelos respublikis samxreTiT mdebareobs. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, rom m. janaSvilma gamokveTa sakiTxi asureTis saxelmwifos gvian Seqmnaze-Tanac, sxva eris miwa-wyalze da asureTis danaSaulze: qaldes qveynis mitacebaze, qaldebis//qarTvelebis Jletasa da maTi qonebis, kulturis miTvisebaze. qveyana asur ZirZvel qaldur miwaze daarsda Zv.w. meTormete saukuneSi, ubedureba moutana ZirZvel mosaxleobas, amdenad, qaldebis damwerlobis, literaturis, kulturis kvlevis dargis saxeldeba asurologiad//asurTmcodneobad umarTebulo da usamarTloa. ATbilisis universitetSi asiriologiis//asurologiis kaTedris am saxeliT daarseba 1918 wlidan, sabWour xanaSi am saxeliTve am kaTedris aRdgena umarTebulo iyo. jobda, rom qalduri//emegiruli damwerloba da kultura eswavlebinaT qarTuli enis, istoriisa da kulturis Seswavlisas saTanado ganyofilebebze, qaldebs asurelebTan, xeTebs gimeTelebTan//misreTelebTan//egviptelebTan mouxdaT didi brZolebi samSoblos dasacavad. “xeTis mefe usayvedurebdao faraos//faraons( zog xelnawerSi m. janaSvili “faraons” wers, zogSi-“farao”-s; sworia “farao” mizris//misreTis masalis gaTvaliswinebiT) imis gamo, rom misadmi miweril Tixis filaze faraos Tavisi saxeli xeTas mefis saxelis win daeso da Tavazianobis darRvevad miaCnda xeTas xseneba ara egviptis xsenebis win, aramed, mis Semdgom. m. janaSvili mkiTxvelebs amcnobs, rom rodesac oqsfordis universitetis profesorma a. g. saisma aRmoaCina, Tu ra diadi saqmianoba hqondaT gaCaRebuli xeTebs, sxva mkvlevarebma gakicxes da ararsebuli warsulis mTxzveli, `fantaziori~//mefantazie uwodes. usamarTlo kiJinam a. saiss guli ver gautexa; ganagrZo kvleva da aTi wlis Semdeg (1888w.) gamoaqveyna Tavisi ufro dasabuTebuli naSromi. is rusul enaze Targmna butovskim. m. janaSvilma safuZvlianad ikvlia petriwis naSromebi da Seadgina petriwis leqsikoni. is ratomrac gamouqveynebelia.              Mm. janaSvilis sityviT, imperiisdroindeli rusi moxeleebi da mkvlevarebi, `mecnierebi~ uaresad epyrobodnen dRevandel mcire qarTvelobas, swamebdnen uniWobas, xSirad dacinviT ixsenebdnen mis `siyvarulis enasac~ (zisserman. `Двадцат let на Кавказе~, t. 1. gv. 1). mxolod amisTana ugulebelyofiT qarTvelur enisa unda aixsnebodes is garemoeba, rom evropielebis TviT udides mkvlevarTa ufros erTi krints ara sZravs qarTvelobis Sesaxeb, rodesac dasvams kiTxvas, vin SeiZleba yofiliyo is eri, romelic iTvleba Semoqmedad kreta-mikenis kulturisa, vin iyvnen da ra enaze laparakobdnen is xeTebi, romelnic ebrZodnen mZlavr egviptes, rogorc swori swors, vin unda yofiliyo xeTazed ara nakleb gamoCenili qaldi, romlis enis sityvebia sumer (=Su mere = Sua mere), naRarain( sarwyavi arxebiT daRaruli qveyana) da akkadi (aR-kadi). maT rom ar awuxebdeT TavianTi `arieloba,~ qarTvelur ersac mowyaled gadmoxedavdnen da gaigebdnen Semdegs: qarTvelTa winapari iyo Tobeli = Tubal-kaini (dab. 4-22), Zma noesi, da warRvnis (3242w.) Semdeg igi da misi Zmiswulebi Tobel II, mosxi (mesxi), xiTi da sxvani cxovrobdnen imave Sennar-naRarain-aRkadSi, ese igi, Suameres, da vidre nebroTis gamoCenamde am Suameresi yvela maSindeli xalxosnobis ena iyoo mxolod Suameruli anu `sumeruli~. biblia (T.11-1) ambobs: `iyo yoveli queyana ena erT da xmai erT yovelTa~, `naTesavi erT da bage (Napiruc) erT yovelTa~ (11-6). maSasadame, davaskvniT Cven, maSin jer saerTod ar unda yofiliyo arc ena iafetisa, arc bage semisa, arc metyveleba qamisa, aramed iyo erTi sazogado ena, yvelasaTvis erTi gasagebi bage. romelze saubrobda im mxaris mosaxleoba TviT adams moRmarT nebroTamde da es ena-bage unda yofiliyo sumeruli (Suameruli).               am SumerT 4000 wlebSi kidec moigones wera–maTeburad S’ar (ixileT v.Sileiko. Вотывния надписи шумерийских правителeй (1915 w. XXXIII); m. nikolski. Древности Восточныя (t. 3. nak. II, gv. 1). es S’ar unda iyos igive qarTveluri War (wera). am sumerul (Sua merul) enas ekava igeTive adgili, viT, mogvianebiT, laTinur enas-evropaSi, magram im gansxvavebiT, rom sumerul SuamdinareSi gavlenis JamierobiTa da, sazogadod,  xangrZlivobiT kidec sWarbobda laTinuris xangrZlivobas evropaSi. Cven mivaxwevT~, ambobs deliCi, `im pra-indiur-evropul da ara semiur er sumeramde, romelic moivlina Semoqmedad babilonis kulturisa~ (fr. deliCi. Библия и Вавилон. gv. 16: К. Бецоlд „Ассирия и Vavilon”, gv. 13). vinkleri (Вавилон, его история и культурa~, gv. 18). `msgavsad laTinur enisa romaul kaTolike eklesiis saWiroebisaTvis, sumeruli SuamereSi daSTa enad mecnierebisa da kultisa... sumeruli unda miviCnioT enad babilonis im binadari mosaxleobisa, romelic aq cxovrobda semitebis( bibliuri semis STamomavlebis) mosvlamde. maSasadame, sumerebi warmoadgenen im Suaguls, romelSic ganviTarda babilonis kultura da aRizarda misi umTavresi mxare – lursmuri wera, romelic Seiqmna sityvaTa da azrTa gadasacem-gadmosacem saxsarad.~ akad. turaevi (`Классический Восток~, 1914, 161): `ukvdavi dideba moipoves sumerebma weris gamogonebiT. maTi wera gavrcelda wina-aziaSi da Seiqmna iaraRad babilonis kulturisa umetes 2 1/2  aTaseul wlebisa.~ aseTi iyo es sumeruli sakacobrio ena, magram raxan TviT etimologia sityvisa sumer = Suamere qarTulia da raxan ioseb flabiosi ambobs: `Tobelisagan warmoiSvnen Tobelni, romelnic Cven dros iwodebian iverebad,~ unda vifiqroT, rom im `erT ena-bageSi~ SeuZlebeli iyo ar gareuliyo iverTa xmebic, romelnic aRniSnavdnen mzes, mTvares, RmerTs, Tvlas da sxvaTa, da romelic maSin iyo sumeruli da, rogorc ageTi, - sakacobrio ena-bagec, da raxan sumerebis pirdapiri memkvidreni iyvnen qaldni, CveniT – qarTni (qarTvelni), amitom sruliad ar gvikvirs, rodesac mkvlevarni sweren: `xalduri mecniereba savsebiT isesxes asurelebma (v. a. zaicev. Руководство Всемирной истории. Древная история Востока. 1879, gv. 195). qaldni arian igive ur-qaldni (dabad. 11-28). `ur~ = qarTveli: urac=vrac (qarTveli), urastan=vrastan (saqarTvelo), virq (=urq) – qarTvelni, ivirq (igive iveria). Sead: uria=svan. viria. azna-ur=svan. azna-vir. mind-uri=mind-ori=mind-ver (svan). ur=or-vir=ver-svan: ver anu gim aris miwa. Sead. ‘ver’ sityvaSi tver, tveri, mtveri ese igi miwiani. iori=iuri-iviri=iveri. naT. iveris=iuris-ivris-xeoba. vera=vere anu ur-a=or=e. wm. ninos cx. 15: or-banTad=ur-bniTad=or-bniTad=ur-bnisad.  h u r i. `javaxos aRaSena wunda da artani, romelsa maSin erqua qajTa qalaqi, xolo aw hrqvian huri (q. cx. 20)~. kidev saxelebi sofelTa: ur, ura-veli, uravi, ur-Zuma, ur-jvari, uriaT-ubani, ur-sauri, urT-xva, urTa (mTaa [sofel] xeTas da caiss Soris). Huristani=hurastani=vrastani (saqarTvelo), ixileT m. janaSvilis am xelnaweris gv. im. agreTve qveTavi VIII xald=qalT=qarT da gv. iT, SeniSnva. Tavi 2-is saTauria winaswari cnobebi qaldur lursmul ZeglweraTa Sesaxeb.             

m. janaSvili wers: Cemi pirveli Txzuleba `cxovrebis zogi viTareba~ daibeWda `sasoflo gazeTSi~ 1877 wlis 17 agvistos. mas aqeT 54 welia vSromob saqarTvelos warsulis Seswavlaze. Jurnal `imedSi~ 1881 wels ibeWdeboda Cemi werilebi `saqarTvelos mokle istoria~, romelic Semdeg (1884w.) calkec daibeWda. igive masala SevimuSaveT, SevavseT da gamoveciT 1894 welsac axali saTauriT, `saqarTvelos istoria~. orive gamocema bevrma moiwona, rogorc pirveli saxelmZRvanelo wigni, romliTac SeiZleboda qarTveli eris gavlil cxovrebis gaTvaliswineba. magram piradad Cven ar gvakmayofilebda Cven-mier dabeWdili wignebi da ukamyofilebis umTavresi mizezi-ki is iyo, rom wyaroebis uqonlobis gamo qarTveli eris istoriis Zveli xana bundad iyo warmodgenili da zRapars ufro hgavda, vidre istorias. am xanas Sesaxeb erovnuli matiane `qarTlis cxovreba~, romliTac vsargeblobT, iZleva aseT cnobebs: qarTvelTa winaprebi movidneno CrdiloeTSi babilonidan, mere damyarda mamasaxlisoba da Semdeg mefoba mcxeTaSi. amis mets aras iuwyeba matiane qarTveli eris cxovrebis Sesaxeb im uamrav saukuneebidan, romelTac gavles pirvel qarTvel Tobelidam vidre azomde. xarvezi friad didia (Tobeli 3242 wels da azo 324 wlidan!) da es xarvezi ver amoivseba raRac oriode cnobiT matianisa. am yofaSi Cven mivediT im daskvnamde, rom Zveli drois Sesaswavlad saWiroa Segneba, gaTvaliswineba qarTveluri enisa. es iyo mizezi, rom Cveni kvleva-Ziebis obieqtad Seiqmna qarTveluri ena. jer isev 1845 wels misul viyaviT xedvamde, rom qarTveluri ena ariso qarTvelTa modgmis goneba, xolo goneba-misi ena da istoria, rom qarTveluri anu saerToqarTveluri ena ariso is saTave, romlidanac modiano misi kiloebi – qarTluri, megrul-Wanuri, svanuri, ingilouri(hereTisa) da sxvani, da, maSasadame, unda yofiliyo dro, rodesac am saerToqarTvelur enaze metyvelebda mTeli qarTveli modgma da miT gamosTqvamda Tvis Sexedulebas Tavis Tavsa, Tavis RmerTebsa Tu bunebaze sazogadod. raxan ase gamogvesaxa mniSvneloba am enisa, Cven gavaorkeceT ruduni mis safuZvlianad Sesaswvlad, SeZlebisamebr.              Tan enas vswavlobdiT da Tan nair-nair werilebs vbeWdavdiT gazeTebSi, `droebaSi~ 1878 wlidan, `Кавказ~-Si 1881 wlidan, kidev daibeWda Cveni: `cnobani Zvel mwerlebTa kavkasiaze` (iveria. 1885, #87, `ra dros da saidan SemoiRes qarTuli anbani, iveria. 1887, ##113-128). `o реке Фисоне~ (Нов. Обозр. 1891 #2677) da mravali sxva. dabolos, SedarebiTi masala rom gadavwereT, Sesdga aTas furclovani rveuli. amisTanave masalis dabeWdva imave dros Turme ganezraxa berlinel erkerts, romelsac amis Sesaxeb miemarTa d. baqraZisaTvis. misi SuamavlobiT gaimarTa miwer-mowera me da erkerts Soris, movrigdiT, da Cven mier Sekruli masala mTlianad, Tumca mravali koreqturuli SecdomiT, daibeWda calke tomad saTauriT: `Die Spache des Kaukasichen Stames~ (Wien, 1895). jer kidev 1899 wels berlineli profesori lemani Camovida tfilisSi da aqedan wavida vans (amJamad TurqeTis respublikis SemadgenlobaSia is Zveli qalaqi vani n.f.) qaldur warweraTa gadasaRebad fotografiulad. Sroma Seasrula da dabrunda tfilisSi. me vaswavlidi mas qarTul enas usasyidlod da manac aRmiTqva – usasyidlod madlobiT gamogigzavnio Cems wigns qaldur warwerebze rom davbeWdavo. dabeWda 1900 wels. depeSiTac vTxove, xma ar gamca da dResac misi wigni ar maqvs. SemdgomSi muzeumSi vnaze is naSromi CitaZesTan, romelSic misgan `Armenien simt unda jetzt~ (aseTi saTauri aqvs lehman-hauptis wigns. daibeWda 1900w.) gadmomiTargmna sityvebi: `1899 wels, zafxulSi, Tavazian daxmarebas miwevda m. janaSvili Cems cdaSi Semegno qarTuli enis dasabami cnobebi. m. janaSvilma, romelsac Tavis eris enisa da istoriis winaSe didi damsaxureba miuZRvis, gamosTqva is azri, rom qsenofontes karduxebi qarTvelebis winaprebad unda vaRiaroT.~ Cven( ese igi, mose janaSvili) dResac imave azrisa varT, romelzedac viyaviT 1899 wels. karduxebs erqvaT agreTve kardu, romelic unda iyos igive qarTu=qalTu=qalT=qarT (svan. qarT., qarT. qarTli=qarTi=qarT-ari).” erTi qveTavia Sedgeniloba sityvisa qald=xald=qalT=qarT. gv. IX: `am striqonebis damwers SeZleba hqonda savsebiT darwmunebuliyo, rom ena qaldur lursmur Zeglwerisa~aris Zveli qarTuli. SemdegSi qalduri teqstebis wakiTxva( sul 20 Zeglwerisa) sruliad davamTavre da es saqme vauwyeT qarTvel sazogadoebas gavrcelebul gazeT “komunistis”(1924, #4) saSualebiT. warwerebis wakiTxva damTavrda da saWirod davinaxeT misTvis dagvewera zogi ram gramatikuli formebi saerToqarTvelur-qaldur-sumeruli. agreTve, cnobebi Sesaxeb qarTvel modgmis tomTa, maT Tvisebisa da RmerTebisa da daskvna, rom qarTvelni arian igive qaldni da miekuTvnebian sumerTa rasas. qveTavSi 3.10 saTauria `zogi ram qarTvelur gramatikidan da winaparTa saxelebis Sesaxeb. gv. 15-dan iwyeba Tavi 4. gv. 18: CrdiloeTi kavkasia SeerTebuli iyo Tobelebis qveyanasTan. egeTive kavSiri unda hqoneboda Tavridas(awindel yirims), vinaiTgan aqauri mTebi ‘Tavri’ iyo gagrZeleba kavkasionisa da es ki Suamdinaris mTianeTis, saxelad, ‘Tavrisa’. Tavridis(yirimis) Tavri da Suamdinaris Tavri modis qarTuli sityvisgan Tavi, `Tauri.~ m. janaSvilma ganixila qarTuli damwerlobis gamaumjobesebeli farnavaz mefis saxelis Sinaarsi; daeTanxma ‘qarTlis cxovrebis’ miTiTebas, rom farnavazma Tavisi Zegli dadga mTaze da uwoda Tavisi saxeli ‘armaz’, rac niSnavso ‘mzes’. farnavazis sakiTxi vrclad ganxilvas moiTxovs Cvens mierac, radgan CvenTvis cnobilia im farnavazis mier qalaq tarsinSi//tarsoSi aTiaTasobiT moWrili fulis//faras arseboba. ramdenime maTgani muzeumebSia daunjebuli, magaliTad, qalaq kopenhagenSi, parizSi, berlinSi da sxvagan. farnavazis fulze aRbeWdilia misi sandomiani, momRimare saxe saTno gamometyvelebiT; gamowyobilia samxedro samoselSi, Cafxuti xuravs. fulze qarTuli asomTavruli warweraa: kei-i f-z. mkvlevarma goCa asaTianma amoikiTxa da qaragmebis gaxsniT daadgina, rom weria ‘keisari farnavaz’. farnavazis monetebi daTarirebulia Zv.w.-iT meoTxe saukuniT mefes mokle wveri amSvenebs, waagavs Zveli Tbilisis ubanSi mtkvaris sanapiroze ramdenime wlis winaT dadgmuli farnavazis saxes did qandakebaze. qarTul enaSi fulis aRmniSnveli sityva ‘fara’ swored am farnavaz mefis saxels ukavSirdeba, Cemi mosazrebiT. m. janaSvilis zemoxsenebuli xelnaweris meTvramete gverdze weria: amisTana cnobebis Semdeg, safiqrebelia erTi STamomavlobisa iyos sityvebi maziesi (mazisi) – fazisi (bJa=bza=mze) da rom sityva fazia – fazianadan gakeTebul iyos [saxelwodeba kontinentisa n.f.] ‘azia’,  mniSvnelobiT “aRmosavleTi”-T, viT dResac svanurSia le-Ja=megrulad bJaiole-sazeo, mziuri, samzeo (le-Ja), ese igi, mzis aRmosavleT mxaresTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli cneba. Sumeris, akkadis, qaldes samefos kulturis ganxilvisadmi miZRvnilia mose janaSvilis arqivis aTasobiT gverdiani sayuradRebo masala. maTze muSaobas vagrZeleb. Emegiruli damwerlobiT aRbeWdili literatures kvlevisDdargis miRwevebi m. janaSvilis moRvaweobis Semdgom, mraval qveyanaSi kidev metad TvalsaCino gaxda. ucxoelma mkvlevarebma amoikiTxes da gamoaqveynes parizSi, berlinSi, osloSi, CikagoSi, romSi, niuiorkSi, londonSi daunJebuli asobiT teqsti lursmnuli damwerlobiT rom iyo aRbeWdili didi xnis winaT, Targmnes frangul, germanul, inglisur da sxva Tanamedrove ramdenime enaze. SeZlebisdagvarad Tvals vadevneb maT miRwevebs. m. janaSvilma didi codna SeiZina, rasac Tavi mouyara gamokvlevebSi, romelTa nawili dRemde gamouqveynebelia. upirvelesad aucilebelia misi .sumeruli’, mitanuri’, qarTlur-megrul-svanuri, SoTa rusTaveliseuli masalis, petriwis masalis sityvaTa ganmartebebis-leqsikonebis gamoqveyneba didi raodenobiT da xelmisawvdom fasad, raTa qarTvelebs mieceT saSualeba SeiTvison da gaiTvaliswinon saqmianobaSi maTSi daunjebuli codna. m. janaSvili ruseTis imperiis, Semdeg ki rusuli sabWouri imperiis boboqrobis wlebSi moRvaweobda. viciT, rom iZulebuli iyo gaeTvaliswinebina zogi mcdari, danaSaulebrivi antimecnieruli mosazreba zogi araqarTveli gaurkveveli warsulis mqone mcire jgufis enis sakiTxze, rodesac iTxzveboda da qveyndeboda maTi warsulis sakiTxze didtaniani istoriebi. xarvezebi an unda gaswordes simarTlis Sesabamisad, an gamoqveyndes swori SeniSnvebis TandarTviT. unda icodes qarTvelma sazogadoebam m. janaSvilis gamokvlevebis miRwevebica da naklovani, antiqarTuli mosazrebebisadmi misi damokidebulebac. gamoviyenoT misi miRwevebi. Miviviwyot cru varaudebi. m. janaSvilma wamoswia lursmnuli damwerlobiT aRbeWdil teqstebSi moxseniebuli qveyana ‘qarduniaS’-is qarTvelebis saxelmwifod arsebobis sakiTxi, risTvisac dasafasebelia. CemdaTavad vityvi, rom Zveli welTaRricxviT meore aTaswleulSi, kerZod, 1500-1300-ian wlebSi burnaburi, qadeSmani da sxva mefeebi TavianT Tavs qardus// qarduniaS qveynis mefeebad aRiarebdnen da amiT amayobdnen. dadasturebulia qardus saxelmwifos arseboba vrcel miwa-wyalze im ZvelTaZvel xanaSic. is gacilebiT Zvelia, vidre didi xnis Semdgom asureTis mefe TiglaT filasaris warweraSi moxseniebuli politikuri erTeulebi-diaoxi , kolxa, romlebic aaoxra. diaoxi da kolxa TbilisSi gamoqveynebul saxelmZRvaneloebSi qarTvelTa saxelmwifoebriobis uZveles nimuSebad miiCnevian. qarduniaSis//qardus ZvelTaZveli samefo aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT xolme qarTveli eris mier Seqmnili saxelmwifoebis sakiTxTa farTo wris ganxilvisas. amisken mogviwodebda mkvlevari mose janaSvili. erT-erT JurnalSi axlaxan wavikiTxe lursmnuli damwerlobiT aRbeWdili cnoba ZvelTaZvel dros qveyana “kolixiTi”-s jaris saqmianobaze. imJamindeli kolxeTis didi nawili amJamindeli saqarTvelos respublikis samxreTiT mdebare vrcel aresac moicavs xsenebuli teqstiT.  didi stiqiuri movlenis, “warRvnis” saxeliT cnobili didi wyaldidobis kvali 1926 wels aRmoaCina londonelma arqeologma leonard vullim.  mis erT-erT wigns ewodeba “xaldebis qveyana uri” da aRwerilia arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mimdinareoba misive xelmZRvanelobiT. misi meore wignia “miviwyebuli samefo”, sadac rukaze aRbeWda samefo qarduniaS - qarduebis samefo, romelic samxreTiT, deda-mdinareebis: puranunusa da idiganas( Tu idiyanas) SesarTaviT qaldes yureze, Semdeg ki qaldes okeaneze gadioda. im kuTxidan okeaniT navebiT gadahqondaT tvirTi qimeTis// gimeTis samefoSi. (gimeTi Zveli egviptis saxelwodebaa imJamindel mkvidrTa enaze). amiT aixsneba, rom navis qarTuli(kerZod, megruli) saxelwodeba “ niSi” ZvelTaganve damkvidrda gimeTSic da kunZul kuratozec//kretazec( amJamad im kunZuls ewodeba “kreta” da ekuTvnis mimdebare kunZuli, romelsac saxelad amJamadac “koloxiTo” anu kolxeTi hqvia iqauri samogzauro biuros sainterneto gzamkvlevis monacemebiT. navis saxeli “niSi” kunZul kuratos( kurato kuros, kurats anu sanaSene mamr msxvilfexa saqonels niSnavs qarTulad) anu kretas qalaq FfaTis// faisTos// festos  mefis sasaxleSi mopovebul mrgval Tixis nivTze// diskoze aRbeWdil suraT-xatovan( ieroglifur) warweraSic ixsenieba. is nivTi iqve 1908 wels arqiteqtorma da arqeologma luiji perniem aRmoaCina. misi teqstis amokiTxva asobiT mkvlevarma scada. saukeTesoa qarTveli mkvlevaris- gia qvaSilavas, mier amokiTxuli teqsti, romelic moxsenda londonSi festos diskos amokiTxvis sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil saerTaSoriso yrilobaze da didi mowoneba da aRiareba daimsaxura. qarTebis miwa-wyalze mopovebulia ZvelTaZveli saxelmwifo samoxeleo sabeWdavebi mTesvelebis, mxvnelebis gamosaxulebebiT. qvaze asaxulia qarTebis mefis dalocva venaxSi winare mefis mier. qarTebis erovnuli RvTaebebi enqi, en-lile ZvelTaZvel nivTebze saxvneli mowyobilobiT arian asaxulni. “xani” qarTulSi, kerZod, suanurSi niSnavs “xars”, “xanua” niSnavs xvnas//xanvas; megrulSi imaves niSnavs “xonua”. Tixis filebze lursmanisebri damwerlobiT asaxulia teqsti qerisa da xorblis// qobalis zecidan Camotanaze RvTaeba en-liles mier mTianeTSi, saidanac gaavrceles misma Svilebma barSic. miwaTmoqmedebaze mijaWvuli qarTi eris mTeli ZirZveli miwa-wyalis dabrunebaze, movlasa da patronobaze zrunva misi mTavari movaleoba da daniSnulebaa. Zeglwerebis dgomareoba da maTi wakiTxvis siZneleebi m. janaSvilma ganixila 69-e gverdze( saqme #149): Znelad Tu romelime Zeglwera Senaxuli iyos Tavandeli saxiT mTlianad. momtvrevia an Tavi, an bolo, an Sua. Amis gamo aklia an erTi-ori sityva, an mTeli striqoni, an striqonebi. amas emateba kidev is, rom daSTenili teqsti Zeglwerebisa Cawerilia laTinur anbaniT, romelsac ar abadia iseTi asoebi, viT y, q, w, W, S, x, T, R, Z, j, C da sxvani. yuruni laTinurad iwereba kuruni, ”qali”- ”kali” da misebr sxva sityvebic, darTviT wertilisa asos qvemo an xazisa zemo. magaliTad, giS-Suri-e, eri-du-a-hi da sxva. Amas garda, yovel Zeglweris dasawyisSi, xan striqonebis Tavs an striqonSi da Zeglweris bolos svamen asos d. Dda acxadeben es ariso ideogramma da unda mixvde ZeglweraSi misTana adgilebSi ra idea anu azri iqneboda. asreve iqceodnen qarTuli teqstis gadamwerebic: teqstis TavSi, xan yovel sityvis bolos dasvamdnen xolme asos q. da es niSnavda ”qristesiT” da teqsts araviTar azrs ar hmatebda, da Zeglwerebis d-ons aseTi mniSvneloba hqonda Tu sxvanairi, wamkiTxvelis unarianobazea migdebuli. teqstSi gvxvdeba bevri Zveleburi qarTuli sityva da forma, raic isev aZnelebs ZeglweraTa swor gagebas da swor wakiTxvas. erT ZeglweraSia, magaliTad, iStini, romelic aRarsadaa darCenili garda saingilosi, saca istini niSnavs gaviwvdine, vixmare. Giistiun, giistiun, giistiuna=gaviwvdine, gaiwvdine, gaiwvdina. stiina=wdiina-wvdena. ”xini”-s Ze-d Targmnian: menua ispuinixini=menua ispuinis Ze. magram ZeglweraSi gvxvdeba agreTve ”menua ispuiniexi” da amasac Targmnian ispuinis Zed! teqstebSi gvxvdeba qalaqi lueruxini. Cans, qaldurSi daboloeba xini sulac ar yofila Ze. ar aqceven yuradRebas mravalgvar cvlilebas qarTvelur enaSi, magaliTad, svanuri Tan-xan=qarTlur TvaliT-gan=ingilour. Toligni-Tolisgni. svanurSia Ja-ya-x, xa-ya-x    ingilourSia Gg-yava-y, h-yava-y,  palemfsetebis( tyavze naweri, razec meored sxva teqsts aweren SemdgomSi) qarTuliT aris g-yav-T, x-yav-T. ingilourSia var-y, xar-y, aris-y da sxva. qarTlurSia var-xolme, xar-xolme da sx. yvela amis da amisTanas ucodinari ereva saqmeSi da cdilobs aramarto teqstis mowodebas ise, rogorc aris daSTenili, aramed Tavis ycodinarobiT ufro abnelebs naanderZev teqsts. aba ras gaigebs kaci amgvar Targmanidan: #417: xaldini (rusulad bogu xaldi), xaldi(bogu xaldi), xaldinini (boJestv. xaldiniiam), xaldime (bog xaldi). #424: xaldie (bogu xaldi), xaldia (bogu xaldi). #452: xaldieni (bogu xaldi). es imas hgavs, rom sityva RmerTic gesmodes RmerTad, RmerTnic RmerTad, RmerTisaganac RmerTad, RmerTianac RmerTad! adiSis saxarebaSi gvxvdeba nacvalsaxeli iginini. sxvagan mis magier aris iginni=igenni, maT badlad qarTveli kaci ambobs kidev igeni, igini, ageni, aginni, da sxva. aseve modis qalduris daboloebani nini: qaldini, qaldinini, qaldieni, qaldiSe, qaldia( viT igia=igi ars); daboloeba Se (qaldiSe) megrul-WanurSi modis mniSvnelobiT naTesaobiTi brunvisa: qaldis=qaldisa an qaldisagan. koCiSe-kacis, kacisa-gan, kacigni. jaSe=xis, xisa. qarTvelurSi a da e icvlebian, zogjer (kiloebSi) modis a an e: a-ar-arTi=e-er-erTi. aseve: qaldiSe=qaldisa, qaldiS=qaldis. asreve: xaldie=xaldia. SeadareT var=va,   =voreq     =veq

                                     xar=xa,    oreq       eq

                                       ar=a      ore       e.=a=e

SeadareT kidev: ars=arn.  aria-n=svan. ari-x.

                  orde-s=orte-s= svan. arda-x=(qarTl.) iyvne-s=iyvnen.

”TualTai”: romeli dgas(gv.7)-dgan zeTi igi(26). MmravlobiTSi: dganan(7.34). m. janaSvilis naSromebi qaldebis, xetebis, sumerebis kulturaze Zirfesvianad sakvlevia. ganvagrZob maTze musaobas.

Lliteratura

1. mose janaSvilis arqivi saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi. saqme #149;
2. imave fondis saqme #148;
3. imave fondis saqme #155a da 155b

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